We live in a world of competing nation states, proxies of those states and non-nation state actors. This competition manifests itself in any number of ways – conflict, sanctions, restrictions, embargo, assassinations, etc. Clausewitz's suggested “War as politics by other means” so, the natural conclusion is cyber espionage, cyber-attacks and cyber influence operations, are merely manifestations of a policy clash between two or more competing powers or proxies. Or are they? Join Ian Thornton-Trump for an exploration of how nation state Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) actors have embraced cyber to further national goals through covert or overt means. Ian’s presentation identifies the strategies and legal counter measures available to nation states to defend themselves from APT attackers.